1. Multiple Sclerosis (MS): 
Definition: MS is a chronic autoimmune disease, whereby the immune system attacks the protective covering of nerve fibers called myelin in the CNS, leading to improper communication between the brain and the rest of the body.
Symptoms: Fatigue, muscle weakness, difficulty walking, eye problems, tingling or numbness, cognitive disturbances, and loss of balance.
Treatment: Disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) such as interferons, glatiramer acetate, and monoclonal antibodies (such as ocrelizumab) aim at reducing exacerbation rates and slowing the disease progression. Corticosteroids are given at the time of an acute exacerbation.

2. Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS):
Definition: GBS is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks the peripheral nerves. It often results after a preceding infection, usually a respiratory or gastrointestinal one.
Symptoms: It begins from weakness and paresthesia, originally localized to the legs, but rapidly spread to other parts of the body, the arms included. It can cause even paralysis in very severe attacks.
Treatment: Should be treated with intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) or plasma exchange, also called plasmapheresis, which decreases the immune attack against nerves. The supportive care is usually provided for several weeks up to months while following recovery.

3. Myasthenia Gravis (MG):
Description: MG is an immune-mediated disease at the neuromuscular junction, where nerves interact with muscles. The immune system is turned on and produces antibodies that block or destroy acetylcholine receptors, resulting in muscle weakness.
Symptoms: Muscle weakness that worsens with activity and improves at rest. Involved are those of the eyes (ptosis, diplopia), face, throat (dysphagia, dysarthric speech), and limbs.
Treatment: AChE inhibitors, such as pyridostigmine; immunosuppressors, like prednisone or azathioprine; and, in some individuals, thymectomy.

4. Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) formerly known as Devic’s disease:
Definition: NMO represents an autoimmune disease where inflammation of the optic nerves and spinal cord result in damage to the tissues. It was formerly considered a form of MS but is now considered a distinct disease.
Symptoms: Sudden loss of vision, severe pain in the eyes, weakness or paralysis of limbs. The bladder and the bowel are also affected.
Treatment: Acute attacks are treated with corticosteroids and plasma exchange. Long-term treatment may include immunosuppressive therapies like rituximab or mycophenolate mofetil to prevent relapses.

5. Autoimmune Encephalitis:
Description: Autoimmune syndrome, in which the immunity system attacks the brain, thus developing an inflammation caused by the antibodies use against the receptors like NMDA or any other proteins within the brain.
Symptoms: Confusion, memory loss, seizures, hallucinations, behavioral/mood changes are just a few of them. Due to the fact that this condition can develop so quickly it carries a very serious threat if not addressed on time.
Treatment: Immunosuppressive therapies, such as IVIG, plasma exchange, corticosteroids, rituximab or cyclophosphamide in some cases.

6. Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP):
CIDP: It’s an autoimmune disease causing chronic inflammation and demyelination of the peripheral nerves, which persist beyond 8 weeks.
Symptoms: Muscle weakness, weakness starting from the bottom of the body moving upwards, impairment of sensory perception, and fatigue and heaviness in the limbs. Symptoms can vary considerably, mostly long-term but many patients experience relapsing courses.
Treatment includes intravenous immunoglobulin, plasma exchange, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressive drugs such as azathioprine or rituximab.

7. Hashimoto’s Encephalopathy:
Description: A rare autoimmune condition associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and sometimes affects the brain.
Symptoms : Confusion, seizures, memory problems, headaches, and psychiatric symptoms such as mood swings or hallucinations .
Treatment: High-dose corticosteroids usually employed with good response in most patients.

8. Stiff Person Syndrome (SPS):
Description: A very rare autoimmune disease characterized by stiff muscle spasms as a result of abnormal immune activity against the CNS, with a prominent action on the neurons producing GABA.
Symptoms: C hronic stiffness in the trunk and limbs, causing disabilities in carrying out motions and exaggerated sensitivity to stimuli such as noise or light touch, which can lead to spasms.
Treatment : It involves benzodiazepines, baclofen, and immunotherapies including IVIG and rituximab.

9. Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes (PNS):
Description: These are rare neurological disorders caused by an abnormal immune response to cancer. During this time, often before a specific diagnosis of cancer, the immune system mistakenly attacks part of the nervous system .
Symptoms: Depend on what aspect of the nervous system is affected. Symptoms can range from ataxia and sensory loss to weakness and even cognitive dysfunction .
Treatment: Treatment involves the management of the underlying cancer and immunosuppressive therapies that curb the immune response.