1. Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders:
Definition: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that characterizes recurrent, unprovoked seizures caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. It may present in various types of seizure, including generalized seizures, which are sub-classified as follows: absence seizures, tonic-clonic seizures and; focal seizures.
Symptoms: Lack of consciousness, convulsion, staring spell, or repetitive movements. The seizures may range from frequent to rare and mild to severe.
Treatment: The majority of treatment involves antiepileptic drugs; in more severe cases, surgery, ketone therapies, or vagus nerve stimulation.

2. Cerebral Palsy (CP):
Definition: CP is a group of disorders that impair movement and muscle tone or posture, often affecting people at different times and in varying degrees; these symptoms occur due to non-progressive brain injuries or malformations sustained before, during, or at term following birth; CP is the most common motor disability in childhood.
Symptoms: Muscle spasticity, chorea, ataxia, and delayed motor development milestones, like walking or sitting.
Treatment: The child can be treated with physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and medications to control spasticity, such as botulinum toxin and baclofen. Surgery is necessary for extreme cases.

3. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD):
Description: ASD is a developmental disorder that influences communication, behavior, and social interaction. It has a wide variety of symptoms and abilities. That’s why there is the term “spectrum” disorder.
Manifestations: The spectrum of symptoms may have difficulties in social communications and interactive behaviors, restricted or repetitive behaviors, and sensory sensitivities. These symptoms are often evident during early childhood.
Treatment: Behavioral therapies can comprise of such interventions as Applied Behavior Analysis, speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, and medications might be prescribed for concomitant conditions like anxiety or hyperactivity.

4. Developmental Delays:
Description: A developmental delay is the failure to reach a developmental milestone within the time frame expected. In other words, it is the delay in reaching certain milestones either in speech, motor skills, cognitive, or social development.
Symptoms: Waving, talking delayed social interaction, or problem-solving skills.
Treatment: The focus is on early intervention. Some of the very common interventions include physical, occupational, and speech therapy.

5. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD):
Description: ADHD stands for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It is a neurodevelopmental disorder that incorporates symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that thwart the ability to focus and act behaviorally by a child.
Symptoms: Trouble paying attention, restlessness, impulsive behaviors, and difficulties with organization or completion of tasks.
Treatment: Behavioral therapy, parent training and medications (stimulant, such as methylphenidate; nonstimulant, such as atomoxetine).

6. Muscular Dystrophy:
Description: Muscular dystrophies are a group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the muscles. The most common in children is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD).
Symptoms: Progressive muscle weakness, problem with walking, frequent falls, reduction of muscle mass. Symptoms for DMD typically begin around the time of age 3-5 years old and progressively worsen from there.
Treatment: Physical therapy, corticosteroids to retard muscle wasting, assistive devices- braces, wheelchairs. Genetic therapies are being developed for treatment of the cause.

7. Hydrocephalus:
Hydrocephalus is defined as an excess accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain with increased pressure on the tissue of the brains. Hydrocephalus may be congenital or acquired.
Symptoms: In babies, signs may include an enlarged head, vomiting, irritability, and failure to thrive. In older children, it is characterized by headaches, nausea, and loss of balance
Treatment: Surgery, usually placing a shunt to drain away excess fluid or endoscopic third ventriculostomy ETV.

8. Spina Bifida
Description: It is a birth disorder in which the development process of the spinal cord as well as other surrounding structures does not happen properly, so that the spine leaves a flawed opening. This is one of the most common neural tube defects.
Symptoms: These may vary in intensity but can include paralysis of the legs, bowel and bladder dysfunction and learning difficulties.
Treatment: Surgery is usually required shortly after delivery to close the spinal defect. Ongoing care includes physiotherapy, assistive aids, and management of bladder and bowel issues.

9. Headaches and Migraines:
Description: Headaches are common in children. It hugely affects the life of a child. Migraines are severe usually combined with nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light and sound.
Symptoms: Headache, nausea, vomiting, photophobia and phonophobia in migraines, irritability, and poor concentration.
Management: Analgesics over-the-counter for simple cases, prescription when the cases are complicated, lifestyle changes, and triggers.

10. Neurogenetic Disorders:
Definition: These conditions are resulting from genetic mutations that affect the development and functioning of the nervous system. Some of them include Rett syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Angelman syndrome, among many others.
Symptoms: There might be problems in developing normally, intellectual disabilities, difficulty walking or movement, seizures, among others. Characteristic behavioral or physical features.
Treatment: Supportive care with physical, occupational, and speech therapies. Genetic counseling also can be recommended.

11. Tic Disorders and Tourette Syndrome:
Definition: Tic disorders are characterized by recurrent, repeated movements or vocalizations that are repeated. Tourette syndrome is a more severe tic disorder in which typically begins in childhood.
Symptoms: Motor tics that may include blinking, shrugging; and vocal tics such as grunting and throat clearing. Multiple motor and vocal tics are typical of Tourette syndrome.
Treatment: Behavioral therapy such as Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics, drugs that help in reducing the occurrence of tics, and supportive care from related conditions like ADHD or OCD.